What structural adaptations evolved in land plants to allow them to cop with these environmental challenges?

Land plants evolved several structural adaptations to cope with environmental challenges such as desiccation, gravity, and variable light conditions. To prevent water loss, they developed a waxy cuticle on their surfaces and stomata for gas exchange. Their vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, enabled efficient water and nutrient transport, supporting upright growth and maximizing light capture. Additionally, roots anchored plants in soil, allowing them to access water and nutrients more effectively.