Between 1000 and 1300, the four major cultural regions of the Afro-Eurasian world were the Islamic world, East Asia, Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The Islamic world, centered around the Middle East and North Africa, was marked by advancements in science, philosophy, and trade. East Asia, particularly China, experienced significant developments in technology and culture during the Song Dynasty. Meanwhile, Europe was undergoing feudalism, the rise of monarchies, and the beginnings of the Renaissance, while Sub-Saharan Africa was characterized by diverse cultures and trade networks, particularly with the rise of empires like Mali and Songhai.
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