Southern states resisted the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment by?

Southern states resisted the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment through various means, including the implementation of discriminatory practices such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses that effectively disenfranchised Black voters. They also employed intimidation and violence, often through groups like the Ku Klux Klan, to suppress Black political participation. Additionally, many Southern legislatures enacted laws that circumvented the spirit of the amendment, reinforcing racial segregation and inequality. This resistance contributed to a prolonged struggle for civil rights in the South.