What are student pilot limitations regarding visibility ceiling and flight above clouds?

Student pilots are generally restricted from flying in conditions where visibility is less than 3 statute miles and must maintain a cloud clearance of at least 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds. They are not permitted to operate under instrument flight rules (IFR), meaning they cannot fly solely by reference to instruments in low visibility or above the clouds without appropriate training and certification. Additionally, student pilots must always ensure they can navigate and control the aircraft effectively within visual flight rules (VFR) parameters.