How is the calculate volume of torispherical dishend?

To calculate the volume of a torispherical dish end, you can use the formula:

[ V = \frac{2\pi h^3}{3} + \pi R^2 h ]

where ( h ) is the height of the dish end and ( R ) is the radius of the sphere that forms the toroidal shape. The first term accounts for the volume of the spherical cap, while the second term represents the cylindrical portion. Additionally, specific geometric parameters might be necessary depending on the design.