How is lichen and black spruce tree a symbiotic relationship?

Lichen and black spruce trees exhibit a mutualistic symbiotic relationship where each benefits from the other. Lichen, which consists of fungi and algae, can grow on the bark of black spruce trees, helping to break down the surface and contribute to soil formation. In return, the black spruce provides a stable surface and protection for the lichen, allowing it to thrive in harsh environments. This relationship enhances nutrient cycling and promotes biodiversity in forest ecosystems.