What arthropod structures are used to extract oxygen from air?

In arthropods, oxygen is primarily extracted from air through structures called tracheae. These are a network of tiny tubes that branch throughout the body, delivering air directly to tissues. In many terrestrial arthropods, such as insects, the tracheae open to the outside via spiracles, which can be regulated to minimize water loss while allowing gas exchange. This efficient system enables arthropods to meet their respiratory needs without relying on a circulatory system to transport oxygen.