What else can cause atypical cells besides hpv?

Atypical cells can be caused by various factors besides HPV, including inflammation, infection (such as bacterial or fungal infections), and hormonal changes. Certain benign conditions, like cervical polyps or atrophic vaginitis, can also lead to atypical cell changes. Additionally, exposure to irritants or carcinogens, such as smoking or chemical exposure, may contribute to atypical cell development.