Can someone text you from using someone else's number?

Not precisely. The phone company can locate the nearest cell tower, if their phone is turned on and in range of a cell tower. However this cell tower and the phone might be several miles apart.

Only if the phone has its GPS tracking enabled all the time (not just on 911 calls) and they are outside of a building (so that the GPS satellite signals can be picked up) can the phone company determine the phone's actual location.

But of course if the person does not have the phone on them, forget it.