Why was nara built without a defensive wall?

Nara, Japan's first permanent capital established in 710, was built without a defensive wall primarily due to the belief in the city's spiritual significance and the desire to promote cultural openness. The government aimed to foster trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange, reflecting a confident approach to governance. Additionally, the location was chosen for its natural defenses, surrounded by mountains, which were considered sufficient protection against potential threats. This design emphasized harmony with nature and the importance of a peaceful, thriving society over militaristic fortifications.