What is the substance that causes the arctic winter?

The substance that primarily causes the Arctic winter is a combination of lower solar radiation and the presence of ice and snow, which reflect sunlight and maintain cold temperatures. Additionally, the polar vortex, a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the poles, contributes to the extreme cold during the winter months. These factors, along with the Earth's tilt and orbit, lead to prolonged periods of darkness and frigid conditions in the Arctic region.