What are the differences between horizontal and vertical polarization in terms of their impact on signal transmission?

Horizontal and vertical polarization refer to the orientation of electromagnetic waves. Horizontal polarization means the waves are parallel to the ground, while vertical polarization means they are perpendicular to the ground. The impact on signal transmission is that horizontal polarization is better for long-distance communication and can penetrate obstacles better, while vertical polarization is more suitable for shorter distances and can minimize interference from other signals.