Between 1916 and 1927, relationships between Muslims and Hindus in India underwent significant strain due to increasing political tensions and communal identity formation. The impact of World War I and the subsequent Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms fueled nationalist sentiments, leading to the rise of the Khilafat Movement among Muslims and the Indian National Congress seeking self-rule, which often sidelined Hindu-Muslim unity. The 1920-1922 Non-Cooperation Movement further exacerbated divisions, as communal riots and differing political aspirations highlighted mistrust. This period marked a shift from earlier cooperation towards more pronounced communal identities, ultimately setting the stage for future conflicts.
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