What could happen to a taxpayer who refused to pay taxes because the tax money went to suppot a government program with which the taxpayer disagreed?

Your taxes are a requirement to be part of the society you live in. You have no right, nor even reasonable expectation, that they will all be used as you want.

All funds are spent in accord to how the elected members o congress and the President agree and vote as allowable. Vote as you want, but that's how you determine how your taxes will be spent.