What physiological changes are seen with CCF?

Congestive heart failure (CHF) leads to several physiological changes, including increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and fluid retention due to the activation of neurohormonal systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Additionally, there is often diminished cardiac output, resulting in inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema. Over time, these changes can lead to further cardiac remodeling and deterioration of heart function.