What was farming like before the threshing machine was invented?

Before the invention of the threshing machine, farming involved labor-intensive processes for separating grain from chaff. Farmers typically used manual methods like beating sheaves with sticks or trampling them underfoot, which required significant time and effort. This process was not only physically demanding but also inefficient, often leading to substantial grain loss. As a result, crop yields were lower, and the overall productivity of agriculture was limited compared to post-threshing machine advancements.