How does OS manage hardware?

The operating system (OS) manages hardware through a layer of abstraction that allows applications to interact with hardware components without needing to understand their complexities. It uses device drivers to communicate with peripherals, translating high-level commands from software into hardware-specific instructions. The OS also allocates resources like CPU time, memory, and I/O operations, ensuring efficient and fair access among multiple processes. Additionally, it handles interrupts and error management, maintaining system stability and performance.