What are some risk and protective factors for substance abuse?

Risk factors for substance abuse include a family history of addiction, mental health disorders, peer pressure, and exposure to trauma or stress. Protective factors include strong family bonds, effective communication, positive self-esteem, and involvement in community or extracurricular activities. Education and awareness about the dangers of substance use can also serve as a protective influence. Ultimately, a combination of these factors influences an individual's likelihood of developing substance use issues.