What carrying out jihad what did Muhammad command his fol- lowers to do?

Muhammad commanded his followers to carry out jihad primarily as a spiritual and moral struggle to promote and defend Islam. This included both the internal struggle against sin and the external struggle against oppression. He emphasized the importance of justice, compassion, and adherence to ethical conduct during these efforts. The concept of jihad has been interpreted in various ways throughout history, encompassing both peaceful and militant actions.