What is theory of base and superstructer of Karl Marx?

Karl Marx's theory of base and superstructure asserts that the economic base of society (the means of production, like factories and land) forms the foundation upon which the superstructure (institutions, culture, and ideology) is built. Changes in the base, driven by class struggle, ultimately lead to changes in the superstructure. Marx believed that the ruling class controls the superstructure to maintain their dominance and perpetuate the existing social order.