How can dogs be tormenters to cats?

Dogs can torment cats through their natural instinct to chase and play, which can be perceived as threatening by the more timid feline. Their exuberant energy and barking can intimidate cats, causing stress or fear. Additionally, some dogs may not recognize a cat's boundaries, leading to unwanted physical interactions that can irritate or provoke the cat. This dynamic often depends on the individual personalities and socialization of both animals.