How are vibrations changed into electrical signals by the telephone?

In a telephone, sound vibrations from a speaker's voice cause a diaphragm in the microphone to vibrate. These vibrations create variations in air pressure, which are then converted into corresponding electrical signals through electromagnetic induction or capacitance. The electrical signals are then transmitted through the telephone network and can be reconverted into sound at the receiving end by a speaker. This process allows for the transmission of audio information over distances.