What percentage of Native Americans were impacted by death due to the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange significantly impacted Native American populations, with estimates suggesting that between 50% to 90% of Indigenous peoples in the Americas died due to diseases introduced by Europeans, such as smallpox, influenza, and measles. The exact percentage varies by region and community, but the catastrophic decline in population is widely acknowledged as one of the most devastating consequences of European colonization. This demographic collapse fundamentally altered Native American societies and cultures.