When is military jihad permitted?

Military jihad is traditionally permitted in Islam under specific circumstances, primarily for self-defense, to protect the oppressed, or to restore justice. It is often framed within the context of responding to aggression or persecution against Muslims. Additionally, it requires the declaration by a legitimate authority and must adhere to ethical guidelines, such as avoiding harm to non-combatants. Importantly, interpretations of jihad can vary widely among different scholars and communities.