Which of the following is an informal process to change the constitution?

The Supreme Court's use of judicial review results in changing applications of the Constitution that is sometimes referred to as the "informal amendment process." The term is misleading, however, because the only real way to change the Constitution is the formal procedure involving Congress and the States, as described in Article V. "Informal amendment" isn't amendment at all, it just represents changes to our understanding of the Constitution as expressed through case law in the American common law system.