A civilization is typically defined as a complex society characterized by the development of urban centers, social stratification, a centralized government, and advancements in culture, technology, and economy. The villages of Çatalhöyük and Jericho, while significant early settlements, are not considered full civilizations because they lacked certain features such as a centralized political system, extensive trade networks, or significant architectural advancements typical of later civilizations. Instead, these sites represent early agricultural communities with simpler social structures.
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