Where and how ions are formed in atmosphere?

Ions are formed in the atmosphere primarily through processes such as cosmic radiation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun interacting with atmospheric gas molecules. When these high-energy particles collide with neutral gas molecules, they can eject electrons, resulting in the formation of positive ions. Additionally, lightning strikes can also generate ions by ionizing surrounding air. These ions play a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and influence phenomena like cloud formation and electrical conductivity.