Which if any of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely be exaggerated in a person who has smoked a lot for over twenty years?

In a person who has smoked heavily for over twenty years, the total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) are likely to be exaggerated. Chronic smoking can lead to emphysema, causing the air sacs in the lungs to become damaged and lose elasticity, resulting in increased air trapping and a higher residual volume. Additionally, the overall lung capacity may increase as the lungs adapt to chronic obstruction, leading to a larger total lung capacity.