How do you distinguish childhood from adolescence?

Childhood typically refers to the early developmental stage from birth to around 12 years old, characterized by rapid physical growth, cognitive development, and a focus on learning foundational skills. Adolescence, on the other hand, generally spans from ages 12 to 18 or 19, marked by the onset of puberty, increased independence, and exploration of identity, relationships, and societal roles. While childhood focuses on foundational growth, adolescence involves significant emotional and social changes as individuals transition toward adulthood.