How do mountains affect the climates of Western Europe?

Mountains significantly impact the climates of Western Europe by acting as barriers that influence weather patterns. The presence of the Alps, for example, creates a rain shadow effect, leading to wetter conditions on the windward side and drier conditions on the leeward side. Additionally, mountains can trap cold air, resulting in cooler temperatures in higher altitudes, while valleys may experience milder climates. Overall, these geographical features contribute to the region's diverse climatic conditions.