What immigrants provided the cheap labor needed to do the dangerous jobs?

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Poles, and Russians, provided the cheap labor needed for dangerous jobs in industries such as mining, construction, and manufacturing. These groups often faced harsh working conditions and low wages but were willing to take on these roles due to limited opportunities in their home countries. Additionally, later waves of immigrants from Mexico and Central America continued this trend by filling labor shortages in agriculture and other labor-intensive sectors.