Does a gun silencer make a detectable mark on a bullet that passes through it?

Depends on the silencer, and the bullet. Some silencers (properly called suppressors) used a "wipe"- material that was moved aside by the bullet, and moved back to trap and slow gasses. Those suppressors could leave a marking on a bullet, especially a soft lead bullet. Few suppressors today use the wipe system, relying more on baffles and precision machining.