What were poll taxes literacy tests and the grandfather clauses used for during the reconstruction period?

During the Reconstruction period, poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were implemented primarily to disenfranchise African American voters and, in some cases, poor white voters. Poll taxes required individuals to pay a fee to vote, while literacy tests assessed reading and writing skills, often unfairly administered to target Black citizens. Grandfather clauses allowed individuals to bypass these restrictions if their ancestors had been eligible to vote before the Civil War, effectively exempting many white voters from disenfranchisement while keeping Black voters suppressed. Together, these measures aimed to maintain white supremacy and control in the post-Civil War South.