How does the development of urban areas along streams and rivers affect discharge during periods of heavy rainfall?

The development of urban areas along streams and rivers often increases impervious surfaces, such as roads and buildings, which prevents water from being absorbed into the ground. During heavy rainfall, this leads to faster runoff and higher peak discharge rates in waterways, increasing the risk of flooding. Additionally, urbanization can alter natural drainage patterns, causing water to flow more rapidly into streams and rivers. Consequently, these changes amplify the impact of heavy rainfall events, resulting in more frequent and severe flooding.