What are the predators of a old world swallowtail?

The Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon) faces predation from various birds, such as sparrows and starlings, which are attracted to its colorful wings. Additionally, other predators include larger insects like dragonflies and Spiders, which may capture swallowtail larvae or adults. Parasitic wasps can also pose a threat to their caterpillars. Overall, these predators contribute to the natural population control of this butterfly species.