Which empires had declined by the Th century?

By the 10th century, several empires had experienced significant decline. The Abbasid Caliphate, once a dominant power in the Islamic world, faced fragmentation and loss of control over its territories. The Carolingian Empire, established by Charlemagne, had fallen apart due to internal divisions and external pressures, leading to the rise of feudalism in Western Europe. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire struggled with territorial losses and internal strife, marking a period of vulnerability.