How do you solve for required rate of return if not given the risk-free rate?

To solve for the required rate of return without a given risk-free rate, you can use alternative methods such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) if you have the expected market return and the asset's beta. Alternatively, you can assess the equity risk premium based on historical data or use a dividend discount model (DDM) if future cash flows or dividends are known. Additionally, you could analyze comparable investments to derive an implied rate based on their returns.