How many people died of trench fever in World War 1?

Trench fever, caused by the bacterium Bartonella quintana, significantly affected soldiers during World War I, leading to widespread illness but relatively few direct fatalities. Estimates suggest that while there were approximately 1 million cases, the death toll from trench fever itself was relatively low, with fatalities generally cited in the range of a few thousand, primarily due to complications rather than the disease itself. The illness was more debilitating than deadly, impacting troop morale and effectiveness.