Why does Athena turn Odysseus into an old begger?

Athena turns Odysseus into an old beggar to help him disguise his identity upon his return to Ithaca. This transformation allows him to assess the situation in his household without revealing himself, enabling him to strategize effectively against the suitors vying for his wife, Penelope. Additionally, it serves to test the loyalty of those around him, distinguishing between true friends and foes. By adopting this guise, Odysseus can reclaim his home and position with cunning and wisdom.