The conflict over the Bank of the United States in 1791 led to the formation of the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists, led by figures like Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong central government and a national bank, while the Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocated for states' rights and a more agrarian society with limited federal power. This ideological divide marked the beginning of the American party system.
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