What is the main way sound waves cause hearing loss?

The main way sound waves cause hearing loss is through damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, specifically in the cochlea. Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can lead to the overstimulation and eventual death of these hair cells, which are crucial for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain. Once damaged, these hair cells do not regenerate, resulting in permanent hearing loss. Additionally, intense sounds can cause physical damage to the structures of the ear, further contributing to hearing impairment.